The validity of clinical observations may be limited by a client's _____, which means that the client's behavior may be affected by the very presence of an observer. With regard to eyewitness identifications in photo lineups: Foils in lineups should be included on the basis of the descriptions provided by witnesses __________ can be defined as any questioning or other action that is intended to elicit incriminating information from a suspect. Which of the following statements about the polygraph test is TRUE ? Need a baseline, hard to get that sometimes, what if the person is nervous to begin with, you will not get a baseline. Children who are fourteen or fifteen years of age are allowed to work, but not in hazardous occupations. Independent contractors are not employees because, by definition, those who hire them have no control over the details of their physical performance. The Polygraph is known by a range of other names: the Psych Test, Truth Verification Test (TVT), Lie Detector Test, or Computer Voice Stress Analysis (CVSA). review and thoroughly discuss the test issue (reason for the polygraph test) during which time the examinee will tell the examiner what he or she did or did not do. If the wage differential is due to "any factor other than gender," such as a seniority or merit system, then it does not violate the Equal Pay Act. The proceeds from these taxes are then paid out to qualified unemployed workers. (FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health. Under 18 U.S.C. The agent's obligation to keep record of transactions of property and money made on the principal's behalf, 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act administered by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), agent's conduct was authorized by the employer; agent's conduct was controlled by the employer; the extent to which the employer's purpose and interests were advanced by the agent's conduct. The lab offers hands-on learning and helps with the latest exam questions. Act that creates a rolling time frame for filing wage discrimination claims and expands plaintiff field beyond employee who was discriminated against. comptia security+ practice test quizlet, The uCertify CompTIA Security+ certification course and lab is the best study resource for the preparation of Security+ SY0-501 exam. For experimental studies, considerable weight was given to external validity, including how well an experiment mimicked actual polygraph testing situations with regard to choices of engaging in or refraining from the target activity and to be deceptive or forthcoming and the consequences of being found deceptive on the test. Federal law does not prohibit discrimination or harassment based on a person's sexual orientation, Title VII extends to individuals sexually harassed by members of same gender. Employees of private (nongovernment) employers have some privacy protection under tort law (see Chapter 6) and state constitutions. In addition, companies that manufacture and distribute controlled substances may perform lie-detector tests. However, this device, which is commonly used in criminal investigations, actually measures nervous excitement. Start studying animal farm words. Also means that any information or knowledge acquired through the agency relationship is considered confidential. (Shutterstock)Various versions of polygraph machines were developed by several different American researchers and police investigators over the first few decades of the 20th century. The term “lie-detector” suggests that a polygraph machine can detect lies. Polygraph is not a solution to an investigation and should never replace accepted conventional investigative techniques. What are some reasons for a polygraph test, alleged victims of crimes to take a polygraph test to verify whether a, 2-3 hours spent with people to establish baseline and make them less nervous, What is the difference in polygraph training between the USA and Canada, Many polygraph schools in USA but only one in Canada- all polygraph examiners are trained the same way/meet certain standards- increases validity and reliability, The principle mechanism or engine driving the polygraph is the fight or flight syndrome, reciprocity-obligation to give when you receive, What are the 3 phases of a polygraph test, What information is gathered in the pre-test phase, legal rights -10 min, understanding the right is more important than explaining the right, What is usually done in the question formulation component, questions made together, builds questions with person being tested, What is the purpose of the pre-test phase, What is the duration of the pre-test phase, 45-60 min but varies depending on the subject or the case, What are the components of the post-test phase, discusses the results with the subject and may interrogate the issue at hand, What are the rules of polygraphs in court, Results of polygraph not admissible in court- it is a pseudo-science but courts will rely on expert testimony of the person who had administered the polygraph on the interview they had with the person after the polygraph, What are the most common results from a polygraph, 1.Truthful of No Deception Indicated: The subject was telling the truth in relation to the issue crime relevant questions, Each test or exam is done a minimum of 3 times in order to record sufficient data for evaluation purposes, referred to as a knowledge or involvement examination, Statement: A subject can be tested on the veracity of a statement provided, Peak of tension test/guilty knowledge test, do this on the onset of the investigation, before the details become known by the public, Form similar to the Relevant/Irrelevant Test, all other avenues of investigating a person's veracity have been exhausted and there are no further means of corroborating or refuting their claim, Who are the governing bodies and who oversees Quality control, The American Polygraph Association/Canadian Association of Police Polygraph, What is the role of The American Polygraph Association/Canadian Association of Police Polygraph. c. The polygraph cannot be thrown off by self-inflicted pain or using tranquilizing drugs. In addition, companies that manufacture and distribute controlled substances may perform lie-detector tests. It began as The reason, primarily, is the credibility of the witness Polygraph ought not be used as a matter of course but rather as a tool when all other have been tried unsuccessfully If you, the polygraph examiner, as an employer’s agent, do become the test case, from the employer’s perspective there’s an excellent chance that you will prevail. 1993; Requires employers with 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year to allow workers to take time off to help care for a new baby or an ill family member without fear of losing their jobs. Prior to attaching the examinee to the polygraph instrument all test questions are reviewed with the examinee, word for word. § 3563(b)(9), the court may provide that the defendant “undergo available medical, psychiatric, or psychological treatment.” Under 18 U.S.C. The existence of an employment relationship. There are no surprise or trick questions asked. Employers may also video their employees at work, record and listen to their telephone conversations and voice mail, and read their text messages and social media posts. Principals are generally not held liable for an agent's crimes (unless they participated) or for torts committed by an independent contractor (except unusually hazardous activities, Federal Insurance Contributions Act; tax levied on both employers and employees to pay for Social Security and Medicare. Discrimination that results from certain employer practices or procedures that, although not discriminatory on their face, have a discriminatory effect. During emergency situations, however, when the principal cannot be consulted, the agent may deviate from the instructions without violating this duty. In Harmse & Rainbow Farms (Pty) Ltd WE 1728, 1997, the employee refused to undergo a second polygraph test after failing the first. A) An innocent person has nothing to fear from a polygraph test B) A person can be taught how to "beat" a polygraph test C) The polygraph can detect subtle physiological differences between arousal due to anxiety versus excitement. A card signed by an employee that gives a union permission to act on his or her behalf in negotiations with management. The appearance or the assumption of authority based on the actions, words, or deeds of the principal or because of circumstances the principal created. Discrimination against the majority group, an individual asserts that she or he has suffered a harm as a result of making a charge, testifying, or participating in an investigation, made it illegal for employers to pay female workers less than men for the same job, when a manager or other authority figure offers or merely hints that he or she will give the employee something (a raise or a promotion) in return for that employee's satisfaction of a sexual favors. More than half of employers engage in some form of electronic monitoring of their employees. general-psychology; 0 … For instance, as discussed in Chapter 9, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act prohibits employers from intercepting an employee's personal electronic communications unless they are made on devices and systems furnished by the employer. Building contractors and subcontractors are independent contractors—a property owner does not control the acts of either of these professionals. Employer must have taken tangible employment action, A significant change in employment status or benefits, such as occurs when an employee is fired, refused a promotion, or reassigned to a lesser position. Federal, state, and local government employers, and certain security service firms, may conduct polygraph tests. A firm that requires all workers, once employed, to become union members within a specified period of time as a condition of their continued employment. A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses. In addition, state and federal statutes may limit an employer's conduct in certain respects. Working times and hours are not restricted for persons between the ages of sixteen and eighteen, but they cannot be employed in hazardous jobs or in jobs detrimental to their health and well-being. Identify and explain 3 major problems with using a polygraph to detect deception. Both polygraph tests and honesty tests are highly controversial. Enforces laws to prevent unfair treatment on the job due to sex, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, or age. attitude toward the lie-detector as a source of competent and admissible evidence in criminal cases.13 The Ohio courts have not, as yet, been called upon to decide this issue. The report went on to say that “The polygraph examination is [often] conducted before the background investigation, saving additional resources should the applicant be rejected as a result of polygraph admissions. The degree of skill or care required of an agent is usually that expected of a reasonable person under similar circumstances. This is the duty of notification, or the duty to inform. Protects individuals over the age of 40 from workplace discrimination that favors younger workers, Prohibits disability-based discrimination in workplaces with 15+ workers, A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual's major life activities. Courts normally uphold drug testing of certain employees when drug use in a particular job may threaten public safety. Once an admission of disqualifying conduct is made, the actual polygraph test results are unnecessary. I just recieved some very positive feedback from my first client since the thugs and charlatans in the US Federal Government polygraph industry threw me in prison for two years and shut down my PERSONAL POLYGRAPH TEST PREPARATION TRAINING service for five years. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA) prohibits most private employers from using lie detector tests, either for pre-employment screening or during the course of employment. Integrity tests, unlike the polygraph, are not subject to legal constraints on their use. Justin Fairfax says a lie detector proves he didn’t commit sexual assault. Some times, the appointing authority will hire even with a " questionable" Polygraph result. Oversees the training, education, polygraph schools, quality controlo of virtually all Law Enforcement Polygraph Examiners in the (Western) World, including Police, Military, Intelligence Agencies, Anti-Terrorism Investigators, Customs personnel etc. Occurs when sexual or other discriminatory conduct is so severe and pervasive that it interferes with an individual's performance; creates an intimidating, threatening, or humiliating work environment; or perpetuates a situation that affects the employee's psychological well-being. a state-administered system that provides unemployment compensation to eligible individuals who have lost their jobs. That the employer has taken reasonable care to prevent and promptly correct any sexually harassing behavior (by establishing effective antiharassment policies and complaint procedures, for example). A typical polygraph examination will include a period referred to as a pre-test interview, a chart collection phase and a test data analysis phase. Start studying Polygraph Test. 3 part 2. Virginia Lt. Gov. They’re Even Worse in Cases of Sexual Assault. When acting on behalf of a principal, an agent has a duty to follow all lawful and clearly stated instructions of the principal. What were the 5 behavioural observation questions used by Detective Sergeant Steve Coburn when interviewing the two suspects, Thoughts and feelings on how Ms Nickles was murdered. Intended to eliminate job discrimination on 5 classes: race, color, religion, sex, national orientation, can include other (sexual pref, height, etc). For the polygraph tests, it is possible for examiners to manipulate the results by carefully crafting the questions to elicit higher physiological responses. "Many people refer to polygraph tests as lie detector tests… In other words, striking workers are not guaranteed the right to return to their jobs after the strike if satisfactory replacement workers have been found. An agent is required to notify the principal of all matters that come to her or his attention concerning the subject matter of the agency. Ellerth/Faragher affirmative defense" to charges of sexual harassment. The Fourth Amendment does not apply to drug testing conducted by private employers. With regard to the general admissibility of lie-detector evidence, this state has followed the … Both require some level of subjective interpretation by the polygraph scientist or honesty test psychologist. the agent has the duty to act solely for the benefit of his or her principal and not in the interest of the agent or a third party. I'm not an expert on Polygraphs, so can't really offer too much more with regard to the machine or the graphs. And passing could mean entry to a promising career. A termination of employment brought about by making the employee's working conditions so intolerable that the employee reasonably feels compelled to leave. 11 terms. 2/13/2020 Abnormal Pyschology Exam 1 Flashcards | Quizlet 3/13 Intelligence tests can play a key role in the diagnosis of: intellectual disability. They may also work in the entertainment industry and (with some exceptions) in agriculture. Hence, the privacy rights and drug testing of private-sector employees are governed by state law, which varies from state to state. Many employers review employees' e-mail, blogs, and instant messages, as well as their social media, smartphone, and Internet use. During the pre-test, the polygraph examiner will complete required paperwork and talk with the examinee about the test, answering any questions the examinee might have. maintained in your files with regard to: Employment History, Education, Financial Records, Criminal Arrest and/or Conviction, Examination and/or Treatment for Diagnostic, Medical, Surgical, Psychological or Psychiatric Reasons, and any other information, including character, observations, or opinions. Government (public) employers are constrained in drug testing by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. a principal is liable for any harm caused to another through the agent's torts if the agent was acting within the scope of her or his employment at the time. d. All of these statements are true. Other employers may use polygraph tests when investigating losses attributable to theft, including embezzlement and the theft of trade secrets. A form of employment discrimination that results when an employer intentionally discriminates against employees who are members of protected classes. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act allows polygraph tests to be used in connection with jobs in security and handling drugs or in investigating a specific theft or other suspected crime. Nonetheless, employers do have considerable leeway to monitor employees in the workplace. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act generally prohibits any employer, including private and government employers, from giving lie-detector tests.... With regard to drug testing, employees of the government have some protection under _+_____, while employees of private employers rely on _____. Any deviation from such instructions is a violation of this duty. under fourteen years of age are allowed to do certain types of work, such as deliver newspapers or work for their parents. Whenever instructions are not clearly stated, the agent can fulfill the duty of obedience by acting in good faith and in a manner reasonable under the circumstances. On top of that, law enforcement agencies use polygraph tests all of the time, to the point that the deciding factor in some plea bargains has rested on results from a polygraph test. Protects the right of workers to join a union, strike, picket or boycott. Also, when there is a reasonable basis for suspecting public employees of drug use, courts often find that drug testing does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Polygraph techniques in which multiple issues were encompassed by the relevant questions produced an aggregated decision accuracy of 85% (confidence interval 77% - 93%) with an inconclusive rate of 13%. Certain employers are exempt from these prohibitions. an agency that is created when a court finds the need for an agency to achieve a desired social policy, Race, color, national origin, religion, gender. the authority of an agent, stated in the document or agreement creating the agency, To do what is reasonably necessary to carry out his or her express authority and accomplish the objectives of the agency. The polygraph test is much more likely to label a guilty person innocent than an innocent person guilty. The EEOC loses the vast majority of cases it brings against employers regarding the … Many states have statutes that allow drug testing by private employers but put restrictions on when and how the testing may be performed. test case (Slowik, 2005). Lie detector tests have become a popular cultural icon — from crime dramas to comedies to advertisements — the picture of a polygraph pen wildly gyrating on a moving chart is readily recognized symbol. the employer has a right to hire permanent replacements during the strike and need not terminate them when the economic strikers seek to return to work. NAVEDTRA 14295B Ch. Critics will say it's about 70 percent accurate," said Frank Horvath of the American Polygraph Association. ... With regard to employee monitoring, websites of concern to employers include all of the following except ... OTHER QUIZLET SETS. A case in which the plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence of his or her claim that the case will be decided for the plaintiff unless the defendant produces evidence to rebut it. Truck drivers who own their equipment and hire themselves out on a per-job basis are independent contractors, but truck drivers who drive company trucks on a regular basis are usually employees. Regardless of the title, you’re going to face an extremely challenging test. For instance, an agent cannot represent two principals in the same transaction unless both know of the dual capacity and consent to it. Put another way, if only one question out of say, fifty, indicated deception, you might still be in the running. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. For an employer to be held liable for harassment. An implied condition in every agency contract is the agent's agreement to use reasonable diligence and skill in performing the work. The demanding of sexual favors in return for job promotions or other benefits, or language or conduct that is so sexually offensive that it creates a hostile working environment. Most agency relationships are based on an express or implied agreement that the agent will act for the principal and that the principal agrees to have the agent so act. When an agent fails entirely to perform her or his duties, liability for breach of contract normally will result. An illegal agreement in which employers voluntarily agree with unions not to handle, use, or deal in the nonunion-produced goods of other employers. Drug testing of public employees is allowed by statute for transportation workers. Although polygraph tests involving national security are supposed to be about a handful of questions involving espionage, Zelicoff said the tests take hours: "In each and every test, … The FUTA and state laws require employers that fall under the provisions of the act to pay unemployment taxes at regular intervals. A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. Federal, state, and local government employers, and certain security service firms, may conduct polygraph tests. § 3563(b)(22), the court may provide that the defendant “satisfy such other conditions as the court may impose.” the employer will be held liable only if the employer knew, or should have known, about the harassment and failed to take immediate remedial action. When Lie Detector Tests Can Be Used. An agency that results when a principal approves an unauthorized act performed by an agent or approves an act done in the principal's name by an unauthorized person. State statutes that establish an administrative process for compensating workers for injuries that arise in the course of their employment, regardless of fault. Polygraph test … Which of the following is true of polygraph tests? Polygraph, 2015, 44(1) 93 Statistical reference distributions, such as those included herein, can provide a practical resource and tabular illustration to help answer important questions and explain concepts regarding our present knowledge and evidence pertaining to polygraph test accuracy. Polygraph Tests Are Notoriously Unreliable. Lie detector tests. A firm that requires union membership by its workers as a condition of employment, which is illegal. The process by which labor and management negotiate the terms and conditions of employment, including working hours and workplace conditions. A state law providing that employees may not be required to join a union as a condition of retaining employment. An agency created when a principal's conduct led another to believe in the existence of the agency and thereby to act to his or her detriment. Certain employers are exempt from these prohibitions. Refusal to undergo a polygraph test may not be considered to be an indication that the person is guilty, neither is it a valid reason for dismissal. Disqualifying conduct is made, the privacy rights and drug testing conducted by employers! Their employees process for compensating workers for injuries that arise in the entertainment industry and ( with some exceptions in... And helps with the examinee to the machine or the duty to follow all lawful and clearly stated instructions the! Federal statutes may limit an employer to be held liable for harassment be in course! 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The latest exam questions who are members of protected classes expert on Polygraphs, so n't. Test is much more with flashcards, games, and certain security firms. To employee monitoring, websites of concern to employers include all of the American polygraph Association the degree skill. Children who are members of protected classes terms, and local government employers, and more with flashcards,,... Have statutes that establish an administrative process for compensating workers for injuries that arise in the.... Agency contract is the duty to inform in the workplace drug testing of public employees is allowed by for! N'T really offer too much more likely to label a guilty person innocent than an innocent guilty! Their parents but put restrictions on when and how the testing may be performed engage. However, this device, which varies from state to state using tranquilizing drugs act to pay taxes. 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