Bacteria contain DNA molecules which replicate in harmony with their hosts. Knud Poulsen, Mogens Kilian, in Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (Third Edition), 2013. However, the amount of DNA is limited by the capsid size. Bacteria are single-celled, microscopic organisms. These studies showed that AG014361 was selectively cytotoxic to Chinese hamster cells with mutant BRCA2 or XRCC3, causing the regression of BRCA2-mutant tumors, and also to both p53 wild type and mutant human breast cancer cells in which BRCA2 was depleted by siRNA [28]. After that he was assistant professor and later associate professor in bacteriology at the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aarhus University. Expression of the genes encoding this variety of virulence factors is often modulated in response to a series of environmental cues such as temperature, ion concentrations, osmolarity, iron levels, pH, carbon source availability, growth phase, and oxygen levels [25]. There are three different types of horizontal transmission for the transfer of genetic information. More efficient because of protection of the DNA in a safe protein coat. Since efflux pumps are the primary mechanism of resistance in many clinically relevant gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Bacteria are ideal for genetic research and engineering because they are easily cultured, possess single chromosomes with less complexity, and have plasmids that can be conveniently used as cloning vectors. Cancer cells are characterized by genomic instability and one cause of this instability is an imbalance of DNA damage signaling and repair. Bacteria deploy numerous anti-phage systems, principle ones being the innate immunity of restriction-modification and the adaptive immunity of CRISPR/CAS, but conversely so have phage counter-evolved multiple strategies to defeat these systems such as using non-canonical nucleotides in their DNA, having fewer restriction sites or hyper methylating their genomes and delivering proteins that inhibit restriction enzymes or enhance methylating enzymes of the host. The aim of this chapter is to examine our present understanding of the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis and the function and regulation of the various virulence determinants that distinguish each category in the context of their contribution to disease. Bacterial Genetics; A significant portion of bacterial genetics, the study of bacteria, have been devoted to medical and industrial purposes. Many bacteria cause disease by producing toxins. Firstly, bacteria are generally haploid, with one copy of each gene on a single circular chromosome. Conjugation is the technique of transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another placed in contact. The term “synthetic lethality” has been used to describe this concept—a term borrowed from bacterial genetics where mutation of two genes together results in cell death but the mutation of either one alone does not impair viability. In this type, the bacteriophage first infects the donor cells and begins the lytic cycle. The bacteria are grown on an agar medium with antibiotics to check for transformed cells. In addition, if one pathway is lost the cell becomes totally dependent on the complementary pathway such that inhibition of the complementary pathway will have devastating consequences. Transduction is gene transfer by DNA packaged inside virus particles. EIEC behaves as Shigella, in that it contains the same virulence factors (e.g., type III secretion system, invasins, and intracellular spread mechanism) that are responsible for producing a dysentery-like disease [21]. Transformation is gene transfer by naked DNA without the involvement of cell contact. Bacteria can have several shapes (e.g., rod shaped; filamentous; spiral shaped). The genetics of bacteria is very different from that of higher organisms. The bacterial chromosome is a long circle of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is attached to the membrane of the cell. The class will be taught in Hindi and English and notes will be provided in English. This process occurs between homologous chromosomes and is not seen in bacteria, where only a single chromosome exists. His research focused on the genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages, as well as the action of bacteriocines and bacterial membranes. In bacteria, genes coded on plasmids often transfer between different species, making them remarkable as shared genetic material (Dahlberg et al., 1998). Table I. E. coli That Are Pathogenic for Humans. Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. C. DNA Replication 1. Major advances in bacterial genetics have been made with Escherichia coli K12; consequently, some people tend to equate bacterial genetics with E. coli. JOSÉ L. PUENTE, B. BRETT FINLAY, in Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis, 2001. Bacterial Genetics: Plasmid DNA & Conjugation Gene Transfer PRACTICE TEST & REVIEW QUESTIONS These multiple-choice / matching practice test questions and essay review questions are designed to help students better understand the material from this lecture. Virulence gene expression is determined by a consensus response to a mixture of these different biochemical and physical parameters that allows the bacterial cell to identify and exploit a particular extracellular or intracellular niche. For example, inherited defects in MMR predispose carriers to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and inherited defects in BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are important in HR, predispose carriers to breast and ovarian. Welcome! The bacterial genetic material is a single, circular molecule of DNA not arranged into a chromosome. Bacterial Genetics Review Genome ... Transduction Bacterial DNA is transferred via a virus -Bacteriophage Virulent phages lytic cycle Generalized transduction Any gene ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 3b4844-MmJiZ Divjot Kour, ... Anil Kumar Saxena, in New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2019. Professor Poulsen has published 64 peer reviewed articles. Bacteria can acquire DNA (i.e., new genes) in 3 basic ways: 1) Transformation • uptake and retention of external DNA molecules 2) Conjugation • direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another 3) Transduction • the transfer of DNA between bacteria by a virus Much of the work in microbial genetics has been performed with bacteria, and the unique features of microbial genetics are usually those associated with prokaryotes such as bacteria. In the period 1986 to 1991 Professor Poulsen was research assistant in the Mogens Kilian’s group at the Department of Oral Biology, Royal Dental College, Aarhus University where he completed his PhD in 1992 on bacterial IgA1 proteases. That is, a donor cell transfers genes to a recipient cell rather than two cells sharing genetic information to generate progeny as in higher organisms. Bacterial genetics is used as a model to understand . … This is one of over 2,200 courses on OCW. He is a member of the Danish Medical Research Council and on its executive board from 1988 to 1991. This is carried out by temperate bacteriophage which undergoes the lysogenic cycle. Here, only the restricted genome has the possibility of entering into the recipient cells. Common adhesins are frequently found within several E. coli types. PCR screening for heterologous DNA content high copy number integrants can be recognized by a simple method for figuring out clones from a transformation plate by PCR has been publicized (Linder et al., 1996). Tissue tropism plays an important role in disease—for example, UPEC infects the urinary tract and kidneys, EPEC the small bowel, and EHEC the large bowel. This is achieved by using chemicals and electrical pulses. Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base 2. It is the transfer of naked DNA from donor cell to recipient cell. And scientist thought that a molecule of much greater complexity must house the genetic information of a cell. Profewssor Kilian was visiting professor in the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA between 1977 and 1979, and professor and chairman of Oral Biology at Royal Dental College, Aarhus, from 1981 to 1991. Conjugation is carried out in several steps: 1. This group, in collaboration with the Newcastle group, determined the synthetic lethality of the more potent PARPi in cells defective in HR. Therefore, all living organisms have, of necessity, evolved a variety of unique and overlapping or complementary pathways to signal and repair the damage. 2 Strands, Double helix. In order to transfer a plasmid, the bacterium with the plasmid must have the genetic instructions required to construct a sex pilus—a prokaryotic cell extension that can hook up to a recipient bacterium, connecting the two bacteria and physically pulling them towards each other. In this, only a few restricted bacteria are transferred from donor to recipient bacteria. About Science Prof Online. A mutant ColE1 replicon, as recognized in the pUC series of plasmids, generate a copy number of 500–700 (Vieira and Messing, 1982). However, the early work of Fred Griffith in 1920 on th… Following this discovery, the Type II CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes was engineered into M13 bacteriophage with spacers to target sequences for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli, the authors referring to these devices as RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs).52 Demonstrating the exquisite specificity of this system an RGN was able to discriminately kill a strain harboring a single nucleotide polymorphism in DNA gyrase which confers quinolone resistance. Such bacteria are made artificially competent. The F-factor opens at the origin of replication. Professor Kilian is an organizer and co-organizer of nine international scientific conferences in microbiology and immunology. As with other pathogens that cause systemic disease and meningitis, E. coli Kl also produces a polysaccharide capsule that prevents clearance by phagocytic cells [24]. Transformation is the process of DNA uptake by the bacteria from the surrounding environment. He has published more than 200 scientific papers. For example, De Soto et al. It will be an exciting next article of the phage therapy story, which began over 100 years ago, to see SB engineered phage enter clinical trials. Conjugal DNA synthesis 3. 2) Transduction – bacterial genes are transferred in virus particles. With his associate, Mary Human, Luria discovered the phenomenon of bacterial restriction and modification that led to the discovery of restriction endonucleases, the key tool in current genetic engineering and biotechnology. It is one of the cornerstone of molecular genetics. He received his DDS degree in 1968 and a DSc degree in 1975. For nearly all pathogenic E. coli, colonization of a particular host surface is mediated by fimbriae or pili, which are often called colonization factors [10–12]. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Range from 580-4600 Kbp Many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA materials as apart of genome called plasmid and transposons. Plasmids may have either a high copy number or low copy number. The high genetic diversity of the E. coli genome is also reflected by the large variation in DNA content between different strains [4–6] and by the distribution or genomic location (insertion site) of different virulence determinants [7, 8]. Transformation in Bacteria. Besides expression of genes, plasmids also provide many phenotypic to bacteria such as resistance against antibiotics (Gerdes et al., 1990). Transformation is the process of introduction of derived DNA fragments from a donor bacteria into a recipient bacteria. Natural transformation; Artificial transformation Remaining targets for phage engineering are generic to many biologics, such as stability and response of the immune system. Bacterial transformation is the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment that results in assimilation and usually an expression of the newly acquired trait in a recipient bacterium.. Obligatory intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia spp. When the lysogenic cell is exposed to some external stimulus, the lytic cycle begins. MIT OpenCourseWare is a free & open publication of material from thousands of MIT courses, covering the entire MIT curriculum.. No enrollment or registration. In this context, it seems that most pathogenic E. coli strains do not have a single evolutionary origin, but instead have emerged as a result of different events of DNA transfer, and that even strains capable of causing the same disease do not constitute a monophyletic group [9]. Importantly, however, in Acinetobacter baumannii, the AdeABC efflux pump, a well-characterized multidrug efflux pump, readily removes tigecycline from the intracellular space. 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In contrast to these data, a recent study using a panel of nine human cancer cell lines with differing BRCA status; including the pancreatic carcinoma Capan-1 cells and the BRCA1 defective HCC1937 breast cancer cell line used in the De Soto study did show that the PARP inhibitor AG014699 was selectively toxic to cell lines and xenograft models with defective BRCA 1 and 2 [61]. The genetic information for making a pilus is called the F (fertility) factor. The advantages of these bacteria as objects for physiological genetic studies include their ability to grow rapidly with a generation time of under 30 min, to grow as a uniform suspension of single cells, and to form a discrete colony of cells from a single cell on agar-solidified medium. An important finding of this study was that treatment of infected mice with the engineered phage Pf3R or with a lytic phage gave comparable survivability for mice challenged with a mimimum lethal dose of 3, but at a minimum lethal dose of 5 the survival rate was significantly better with Pf3R phage therapy. An improvement is suggested by the remarkable discovery of a bacteriophage which has obtained a CRISPR/Cas system, from an unknown source, for its own use.51 The phage-encoded CRISPR/Cas system is able to acquire new spacers and the CAS3 nuclease has been re-targeted to a chromosomal element that its host, Vibrio cholera, uses for innate immunity. It has been suggested that tigecycline's tighter binding to the ribosome does not allow displacement by the RPPs. All the important topics will be discussed in detail and would be helpful for all aspirants preparing for the IIT-JAM exam. This method was proposed by Lederberg and Tatum. They discovered that the F-factor can move between E.colicells and proposed the concept of conjugation. The killing of P. aeruginosa by Pf3R relies on the phage host range to provide specificity of targeting as BglII restriction sites would be expected to be present in essentially all bacterial genomes. Trained in clinical microbiology 1970–1974. Despite the vast knowledge that has been accumulated over the years, the recent release of its full genomic composition has made it obvious that there are still many things to learn about this microorganism [2]. The term “synthetic lethality” has been used to describe this concept—a term borrowed from, Heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), colonization factors (CFs), Ipas, type III secretion (Mxi and Spa), VirG/IcsA, Esps, type III secretion (Sep and Esc), intimin, Tir, and BFP, Hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Above EPEC factors and Shiga toxin, hemolysin, AAF adhesins, EAST-1, Pet, Pic, hemolysin, Type I pili, P pili, Afimbrial adhesins (Afa), hemolysin, CNF-1, Capsule, type I pili, S-fimbrial adhesin, IbeA and IbeB (invasion proteins). Analysis of the E. coli K-12 genome sequence also shows that about 2% of its DNA consists of mobile genetic elements, including phages, plasmids, and transposons [2]. In this class, Meenakshi Rajput will cover Bacterial Genetics. Bacteria can have several shapes (e.g., rod shaped; filamentous; spiral shaped). There are various conjugal plasmids carried by various bacterial species. Microbiology Lecture Notes Microbial Genetics I. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A. The cells that have the ability to uptake DNA are known as competent cells. EHEC produces a Shiga-like toxin (similar to that found in Shigella dysenteriae) that seems to be involved in causing the hemolytic uremic syndrome in a proportion of cases [22]. The genetic material of bacteria and plasmids is DNA. Microbial genetics studies microorganisms for different purposes. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Extensive use of tetracyclines in humans and in the veterinary field as growth promoters led to widespread selection and dissemination among bacteria of genetic determinants encoding ribosomal protection proteins (RPP) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) drug efflux pump-mediated resistance mechanisms.5 Most of these acquired tetracycline resistance genes reside on transposons, conjugative transposons and/or integrons which permit horizontal resistance transfer from one species to another and between unrelated genera.5 Resistance to first- and second-generation tetracyclines is now relatively common among bacteria causing respiratory tract infections such as pneumococci. The pilus forms a conjugation tube and enables direct contact between the donor and the recipient cells. BSc Microbiology Microbial Genetics Notes Study Material BSc Microbiology Microbial Genetics Notes Study Material. It was then argued that proteins, is composed of 20 different amino acids would be a better candidate for this function. These factors induce actin rearrangements and activation of particular signal transduction pathways that result in disease [23]. Interestingly, use of this bacterial genetics approach--rather than a recombinant one--may have contributed to the mutant strain's acceptance among farmers, notes Hunter, with ARS' Plant, Soil and Nutrient Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado. In the last decade the study of phage resistance mechnaisms has led to the discovery of one of the most important enabling technologies for SB since PCR; that is the CRISPR nuclease systems, which bacteria and archaea evolved as an adaptive defense to exogenous DNA. Nitrogen Bases a. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) 3. Other kinds of organisms causing STDs, such as fungi, protozoa, and invertebrates, are also mentioned. ETEC utilizes a cholera-like toxin to cause cholera-like disease [20]. Bacterial Chromosome

• Contains a Double stranded molecules of DNA arranged in circular form. Analysis of serum cytokine levels indicated a reduced inflamatory response indicating that the better outcome for the Pf3R treatment group is due to the efficient killing of the target strain without lysis and endotoxin release. Prokaryotic genome (Bacterial): consist of a single copy (Haploid) ciruclar DNA molecule. Escherichia coli is the most extensively studied microorganism. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Even in the case of successful killing of a target strain, the rapid lysis of a large number of bacteria and the concomitant release of endotoxins and superantigens may result in a strong infammatory response and an unfavourable clinical outcome. Ângela de Carvalho, ... Adam Takos, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2019. In an early template for future synthetic phage design the filamentous phage Pf3 was modified to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse model.50 An export protein gene of Pf3 was replaced with a gene encoding the BglII restriction endonuclease, with the reasoning that (1) this gene replacement renders Pf3 non-replicative thereby introducing a containment strategy, (2) the phage can be stably propagated in a host containing the BglII methylase gene and (3) the BglII would catalyze double strand breaks in genomic DNA of the target strain for killing. Start studying Bacterial Genetics Notes. While RPPs, which release tetracyclines from the target site allowing protein synthesis to occur, confer resistance to both first- and second-generation tetracyclines, most efflux pumps efficiently remove only first-generation tetracyclines, allowing doxycycline and minocycline to retain activity. Cellular DNA is subject to a variety of insults from endogenous (eg, oxygen radicals formed as part of normal metabolism) and exogenous (eg, UV) sources on a continuous basis. First we discuss some of the sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria and then those caused by viruses. Among many honors, Luria received a Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey. Thus, the genetic information is transferred from the mother to the offspring and is known as vertical transmission. Genes are sequences of nucleotides within DNA that code for functional proteins. Bacteriophage, or simply called phage, has played a central role in the development of molecular biology, bacterial genetics and providing the earliest tools for recombining DNA molecules, such as restriction enzymes and ligases. Defects in one pathway may be compensated by upregulation of a complementary pathway. Major advances in, Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (Third Edition), The role of PARP in DNA repair and its therapeutic exploitation, DNA Repair in Cancer Therapy (Second Edition), have devastating consequences. Don't show me this again. One of the major distinctions between bacterial and eukaryotic genetics stems from the bacteria's lack of membrane-bound organelles (this is true of all prokaryotes. These studies were very exciting because they indicated for the first time that inhibition of PARP could be selectively toxic to at least a subset of tumors. View Ch 17 - Bacterial & Viral Genetics - Notes Layout.pdf from BIO 101 at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Bacteriophages package DNA and inject DNA into other bacteria. Finally, other strains actually enter host cells and live as intracellular pathogens, or penetrate host barriers and live systemically within the human host, resulting in septic disease [17, 18]. that responses to the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, were observed in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer without a BRCA-defective background [62]. Carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations have one functional allele, and can therefore conduct HR in normal tissues, but in the tumor cells the second allele is lost either through LOH or a second mutation, rendering them defective in HR. Small fragments by the Viral enzymes carries the bacterial genetic material from bacteria... Bacterial chromosomes, are also mentioned an actual College Microbiology classroom genetics,.... Protozoa are also subjects used to study in this type, the chromosome is copied, and phages >... 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CARLSON, in human Reproductive Biology ( Third Edition ), 2017 materials. The University of Aarhus ( since 1991 ) of heritable information in bacteria is different! That proteins, is composed of 20 different amino acids would be helpful for all aspirants for... Ad hoc for each pathogen to Medical and industrial purposes for phage engineering are generic to many biologics, as! Molecules of DNA uptake by the bacteria and bacteriophages, as well as the action bacteriocines! Ribosome does not allow displacement by the Viral enzymes that can exist independently of the cornerstone of molecular genetics vocabulary... Restricted genome has the possibility of entering into the recipient cells, B. BRETT FINLAY, in Physiological genetics the. Cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads over! It was then argued that proteins, is composed of a cell transduction – bacterial bacterial genetics notes are sequences nucleotides. 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